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Growth hormone and the brain are connected through more than the pituitary gland’s role in hormone secretion. Growth hormone (GH) receptors are found in several regions of the central nervous system, and research suggests that GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) participate in neuronal signalling, cognitive function and metabolic regulation. Human studies involving adults […]

Growth hormone and adipose tissue have a well-established relationship in endocrine research. Growth hormone (GH) does more than regulate growth through insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). It also acts directly on fat cells, influencing the release of stored fatty acids, glucose metabolism and the distribution of adipose tissue. These effects have been studied in healthy […]

Growth hormone and liver function are connected through a complex relationship involving hormone production, metabolic regulation and cellular signalling. The liver is a major target of growth hormone (GH), but it is also responsible for producing most of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) found in circulation. GH influences how the liver processes fatty acids, […]

Growth hormone and kidney function are closely connected through the regulation of renal blood flow, filtration and electrolyte balance. Although growth hormone (GH) is primarily associated with growth and metabolism, the kidneys are important targets of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signalling. Research demonstrates that these hormones influence glomerular filtration rate, sodium retention […]

Growth hormone and cardiovascular health are connected through several endocrine pathways that influence cardiac muscle, blood vessels and metabolic regulation. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) contribute to normal cardiovascular physiology, but their effects depend on hormone concentrations, tissue responsiveness and the duration of exposure. An important finding from human endocrine research […]

Growth hormone and immune function are connected through interactions between the endocrine and immune systems. Although growth hormone (GH) is best known for its involvement in growth and metabolism, researchers have also examined its effects on lymphocyte development, thymic tissue and immune-cell signalling. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), an important downstream mediator of GH, contributes […]

Growth hormone and bone metabolism are connected through the regulation of skeletal growth, bone formation and tissue remodelling. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) influence bone cells throughout life, from childhood growth plate activity to the maintenance of adult skeletal tissue. However, their effects are more complex than simply increasing bone density. […]

Growth hormone receptor mutations provide some of the clearest evidence that producing growth hormone (GH) and responding to it are separate biological processes. The growth hormone receptor (GHR) allows cells to recognise GH and activate intracellular pathways involved in growth, metabolism and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production. When inherited genetic variants disrupt receptor function, […]

Growth hormone sex differences are an important feature of human endocrine physiology. Although growth hormone (GH) performs similar fundamental functions in males and females, its secretion patterns, hormonal regulation and downstream effects are not identical. Studies of the GH–IGF-1 axis reveal differences in circulating GH concentrations, secretory pulse characteristics and hepatic responsiveness. Oestrogen and testosterone […]

Growth hormone and ageing are closely linked through changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary endocrine system. Human studies consistently show that growth hormone (GH) secretion declines with advancing adulthood, accompanied by changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). However, declining GH is not automatically a disease, and increasing hormone concentrations has not been shown to reverse […]